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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Labienus" redirects here. For other people with the name, see <a href="Labiena_(gens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labiena (gens)">Labiena (gens)</a>. For the historian, see <a href="Titus_Labienus_(historian)" title="Titus Labienus (historian)">Titus Labienus (historian)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Titus Labienus</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 100 BC</span><br><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="Cingoli" title="Cingoli">Cingulum</a>, <a href="Picenum" title="Picenum">Picenum</a>, <a href="Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italy</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">17 March 45 BC (aged <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 55</span>)<br><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="Battle_of_Munda" title="Battle of Munda">Battle of Munda</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data">Killed in battle</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">Roman</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Soldier and politician</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Office</th><td class="infobox-data title"><a href="Tribune_of_the_plebs" title="Tribune of the plebs">Tribune of the plebs</a> (63 BC)<br><a href="Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a> (60/59 BC)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Quintus_Labienus" title="Quintus Labienus">Quintus Labienus</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Military career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> (58–49 BC)<br><a href="Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> (49–45 BC)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Roman_army" title="Roman army">Roman army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Legate</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a><br><a href="Caesar's_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar's Civil War">Caesar's Civil War</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

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<p><b>Titus Labienus</b> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 100 BC</span> – 17 March 45 BC) was a high-ranking military officer in the late <a href="Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>. He served as <a href="Tribune_of_the_Plebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribune of the Plebs">tribune of the Plebs</a> in 63 BC. Although mostly remembered as one of <a href="Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>'s best lieutenants in <a href="Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> and mentioned frequently in the accounts of his military campaigns, Labienus chose to oppose him during the <a href="Caesar's_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar's Civil War">Civil War</a> and was killed at <a href="Battle_of_Munda" title="Battle of Munda">Munda</a>. He was the father of <a href="Quintus_Labienus" title="Quintus Labienus">Quintus Labienus</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_career">Early career</h3></div>

<p>As his <a href="Praetor" title="Praetor">praetorship</a> was in 60 or 59 BC, Titus Labienus most likely was born around 100 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Tyrrell3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyrrell3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many sources suggest that he came from the town of <a href="Cingoli" title="Cingoli">Cingulum</a> in <a href="Picenum" title="Picenum">Picenum</a>. His family was of <a href="Equestrian_(Roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrian (Roman)">equestrian</a> status. He most likely had early ties with <a href="Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> during his time as a patron for <a href="Picenum" title="Picenum">Picenum</a> and his desire to rise in military rank.<sup id="cite_ref-Tyrrell3_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyrrell3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His early service was c. 78–75 BC in <a href="Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a> under <a href="Publius_Servilius_Vatia_Isauricus_(consul_79_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus (consul 79 BC)">Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus</a> fighting pirates and the <a href="Isauria" title="Isauria">Isaurian</a> hill tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tribune_of_the_Plebs,_Trial_of_Gaius_Rabirius">Tribune of the Plebs, Trial of Gaius Rabirius</h3></div>

<p>In 63 BC, Titus Labienus was a <a href="Tribune_of_the_Plebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribune of the Plebs">tribune of the Plebs</a> with close ties to Pompey. Gaius Julius Caesar was also working closely with Pompey and therefore he and Labienus occasionally cooperated. These interactions were the seed that eventually developed into a friendship between Labienus and Caesar.

</p><p>At Caesar's instigation, Labienus accused <a href="Gaius_Rabirius_(senator)" title="Gaius Rabirius (senator)">Gaius Rabirius</a> of high treason (<a href="Perduellio" title="Perduellio">perduellio</a>) for the murder of the <a href="Tribune" title="Tribune">tribune</a> <a href="Lucius_Appuleius_Saturninus" title="Lucius Appuleius Saturninus">Lucius Appuleius Saturninus</a> and of his uncle Titus Labienus in 100 BC. The purpose of this trial was to discredit the so-called "final decree of the Senate" (<a href="Senatus_consultum_ultimum" title="Senatus consultum ultimum">senatus consultum ultimum</a>), an emergency measure of the senate commonly used against the <a href="Populares" class="mw-redirect" title="Populares">Populares</a> and the <a href="Roman_assemblies" title="Roman assemblies">Roman assemblies</a>. Labienus used the antiquated procedure of the <a href="Duumviri" title="Duumviri">duumviri</a>, used in the early republic, against Rabirius. The procedure bypassed normal criminal law and Rabirius would be tried without defense. Since tribunes were <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sacrosanct" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:sacrosanct">sacrosanct</a>, it was seen as an act against the gods to kill one. Thus punishment of the culprit was seen as more of a cleansing to appease the gods. The killing was seen as a pollution so profound that a normal criminal trial was unnecessary and immediate cleansing was necessary to avoid the wrath of the gods. The duumviri were assigned to accuse under the pretense of obvious guilt and cleanse the culprit through <a href="Scourging" class="mw-redirect" title="Scourging">scourging</a>.

</p><p>Rabirius appealed to the <a href="Centuriate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriate Assembly">Centuriate Assembly</a> and <a href="Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> spoke in his defense. However, before the assembly could vote, <a href="Quintus_Caecilius_Metellus_Celer_(consul)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quintus Caecilius Metellus Celer (consul)">Metellus Celer</a> used his powers as an <a href="Augur" title="Augur">augur</a> to claim the sightings of bad omens and take down the flag in <a href="Janiculum" title="Janiculum">Janiculum</a>. That postponed the trial. Rabirius was ultimately sentenced to exile, as he was unable to pay an unreasonable fine.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In the same year, Labienus carried a <a href="Plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebiscite">plebiscite</a> returning the elections of the <a href="Pontifices" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifices">pontifices</a> to the people. That indirectly secured for Caesar the dignity of <a href="Pontifex_Maximus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifex Maximus">pontifex Maximus</a>, by his act of supporting Labienus in this cause (Dio Cassius xxxvii. 37).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Labienus was more a soldier than politician and primarily used his office as a gateway to secure himself positions of high military command. After his term as tribune, Labienus served as Caesar's <a href="Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">legate</a> (second-in-command) in <a href="Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> and so he took Caesar's place whenever he was out of Gaul.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lieutenant_under_Caesar_in_Gaul">Lieutenant under Caesar in Gaul</h3></div>

<p>As Caesar's senior legate during his campaign in Gaul, Labienus was the only legate mentioned by name in Caesar's writings about his first campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a skilled cavalry commander.

</p><p>Labienus commanded the winter quarters in <a href="Vesontio" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesontio">Vesontio</a> in 58 BC. He also had full command of the legions in Gaul during Caesar's absence, as his <i><a href="Legatus_pro_praetore" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus pro praetore">legatus pro praetore</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had this privilege when Caesar was administering justice in <a href="Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a> as well as during Caesar's second campaign in Britain (in 54 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 57 BC, during the Belgian campaign, in a battle against the <a href="Atrebates" title="Atrebates">Atrebates</a> and <a href="Nervii" title="Nervii">Nervii</a> near <a href="Battle_of_the_Sabis" title="Battle of the Sabis">Sabis</a>, Labienus, commanding the 9th and 10th legions, defeated the opposing Atrebates force and proceeded to take the enemy camp.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From there he sent the 10th Legion against the rear of the Nervii line while they were engaged with the rest of Caesar's army, single-handedly turning the tide of battle and securing Caesar the victory.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Labienus is also credited with the defeat of the <a href="Treviri" class="mw-redirect" title="Treviri">Treviri</a> under <a href="Indutiomarus" title="Indutiomarus">Indutiomarus</a>. Labienus spent days with his army fortified in their camp, while Indutiomarus harassed him daily in an attempt at intimidation and demoralization. Labienus waited for the right moment, when Indutiomarus and his forces were returning to their camp disorganized, to send out his cavalry through two gates. He gave them the orders to first kill Indutiomarus, then his trailing forces on their return. Labienus's men were successful, and with the death of their leader, the Treviri army scattered.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Treviri forces later regrouped under relatives of Indutiomarus and moved upon Labienus, setting up camp across the river from his legions, waiting for reinforcements from the Germans. Labienus feigned a withdrawal, enticing the Treviri to cross the river, after which he turned around and had his men attack. Being in such a disadvantageous position, the Treviri forces were shattered. After hearing this, the German reinforcements turned around.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Labienus's victory over the <a href="Parisii_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parisii (France)">Parisii</a> at <a href="Lutetia" title="Lutetia">Lutetia</a> in the <a href="Battle_of_Lutetia" title="Battle of Lutetia">Battle of Lutetia</a> is another example of his tactical genius. Sending five <a href="Cohort_(military_unit)" title="Cohort (military unit)">cohorts</a> back towards <a href="Agedincum" class="mw-redirect" title="Agedincum">Agedincum</a>, and himself crossing the <a href="Seine" title="Seine">Sequana</a> River with three legions, he tricked the enemy into thinking that he had divided his army and was crossing the river in three places.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The enemy army split into thirds and pursued Labienus. The main body met Labienus which he subsequently surrounded with the rest of his legions. He then annihilated the reinforcements with his cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In September, 51 BC, Caesar made Labienus governor of Cisalpine Gaul.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defection_from_Caesar,_command_under_Pompey_in_Civil_War">Defection from Caesar, command under Pompey in Civil War</h3></div>

<p>After Caesar crossed the Rubicon, Labienus left his post in Cisalpine Gaul and joined Pompey.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was rapturously welcomed on the Pompeian side,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bringing some Gallic and German cavalry with him. He also brought an account on Caesar's military strength.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Pompey made Labienus commander of the cavalry (magister equitum). Labienus attempted to persuade Pompey to face Caesar in Italy and not retreat to <a href="Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a> (<a href="Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, comprising modern <a href="Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>) to regroup, insisting that Caesar's army was thin and weakened after his campaign in Gaul.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>But Labienus's ill fortune under Pompey was as marked as his success had been under Caesar. From the defeat at the <a href="Battle_of_Pharsalus" title="Battle of Pharsalus">Battle of Pharsalus</a>, where he commanded the cavalry, he fled to <a href="Corfu" title="Corfu">Corcyra</a>, and after hearing of the death of Pompey then proceeded to Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He created confidence in the followers of Pompey by lying to them, claiming that Caesar had received a mortal wound at the Battle of Pharsalus.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was able through sheer force of numbers to inflict a slight check upon Caesar at the <a href="Battle_of_Ruspina" title="Battle of Ruspina">Battle of Ruspina</a> in 46 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By arranging his troops into dense formations, he tricked Caesar into thinking he had only foot soldiers, and was able to rout Caesar's cavalry and surround his army. However, Labienus was unable to defeat Caesar's forces, and was compelled to leave the field. After the defeat at the <a href="Battle_of_Thapsus" title="Battle of Thapsus">Battle of Thapsus</a>, he joined the younger <a href="Gnaeus_Pompeius_(son_of_Pompey_the_Great)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnaeus Pompeius (son of Pompey the Great)">Gnaeus Pompeius</a> in <a href="Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Death came to Labienus in the <a href="Battle_of_Munda" title="Battle of Munda">Battle of Munda</a>, an evenly matched conflict between the armies of Caesar and the sons of Pompey. <a href="Bogud" title="Bogud">King Bogud</a>, an ally of Caesar, approached the Pompeians with his army from the rear. Labienus was commanding the Pompeians' cavalry unit at the time, and seeing this, took the cavalry from the front lines to meet him. The Pompeian legions misinterpreted this as a retreat, became disheartened and began to break.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pompeians suffered massive casualties during the rout, in which Labienus himself was killed. This defeat ended <a href="Caesar's_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar's Civil War">Caesar's Civil War</a>. According to Appian, (BC2.105), his head was brought to Caesar, who then dispatched men to locate the body of his old friend, and buried him with full honours.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fictional_accounts">Fictional accounts</h2></div>

<ul><li>Labienus is featured in <i><a href="The_Gods_of_War" class="mw-redirect" title="The Gods of War">The Gods of War</a></i>, a novel by British author <a href="Conn_Iggulden" title="Conn Iggulden">Conn Iggulden</a>, though in a much reduced role, as his historical position as Caesar's second-in-command is filled instead by <a href="Marcus_Junius_Brutus" title="Marcus Junius Brutus">Marcus Junius Brutus</a>, whose relationship with Caesar is conversely greatly expanded.</li>

<li>Labienus was an important minor character in the earlier <i><a href="Masters_of_Rome" title="Masters of Rome">Masters of Rome</a></i> novels by Australian author <a href="Colleen_McCullough" title="Colleen McCullough">Colleen McCullough</a>. In these, his first appearance is in the Trial of Rabirius, but this is placed rather later in the political year than it is usually stated as having been, orchestrated by Caesar as a reaction to Cicero's decision to have several Catiline conspirators executed without trial while the "Senatus Consultum Ultimum" is in force – rather than as a prior warning against such an action before the decree was even in place. He then falls on hard times because he had drawn the disfavour of Pompey for having an affair with his wife <a href="Mucia_Tertia" title="Mucia Tertia">Mucia Tertia</a>, the daughter of <a href="Quintus_Mucius_Scaevola_Pontifex" title="Quintus Mucius Scaevola Pontifex">Quintus Mucius Scaevola Pontifex</a>, the pontifex maximus and consul in 95 BC, and thus a member of Rome's nobility that he moved to his vast estates in Picenum. He is portrayed latterly as a very capable but fierce and cruel soldier and commander, whose brilliance wins battles in Gaul, but whose brutality went some way towards alienating Caesar's Gallic allies and thus causing the battles in the first place. McCullough takes a somewhat different interpretation of the events, and has Caesar shunning Labienus, instead of Labienus defecting to Pompey. In the novels, Caesar disowns Labienus when it comes to civil war, not wanting him on his side because he is too cruel and unpredictable.</li>

<li>Labienus was also featured in the BBC One <a href="Docudrama" title="Docudrama">docudrama</a> <i><a href="Ancient_Rome%3A_The_Rise_and_Fall_of_an_Empire#Episode_one:_Caesar" title="Ancient Rome: The Rise and Fall of an Empire">Ancient Rome: The Rise and Fall of an Empire</a></i>.</li>

<li>Labienus is a significant character in <a href="Simon_Turney" title="Simon Turney">S.J.A. Turney</a>'s series <i>Marius' Mules</i>.</li>

<li>Labienus features in the campaign of the video game <i><a href="Praetorians_(video_game)" title="Praetorians (video game)">Praetorians</a></i>. He is a playable character in several missions set in the Gallic Wars to finally re-emerge as the main antagonist in the last mission set at the end of the Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the game's version of events, Labienus did not die in the Battle of Munda, but has managed to flee to the Pompeian encampment where he makes his final stand.</li>

<li>In the 2021 series <i>Dogmatix and the Indomatibles</i>, based on the world-famous <i>Asterix</i> comics, Labienus is featured as the accomplished conquerer and de facto ruler of Lutetia, now known as Paris, in 52 B.C., similar to his real-life counterpart. In the show, Labienus owns a siamese cat named Monalisa, whom Dogmatix opposes.</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Labiena_(gens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labiena (gens)">Labiena (gens)</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-Tyrrell3-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tyrrell3_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tyrrell3_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tyrrell (3)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tyrrell (4)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tyrrell (9)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tyrrell (19)</span>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bellum Gallicum (5.8)</span>

</li>

</li>

</li>

</li>

</li>

</li>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Tullius Cicero (Fam, 16.12)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Leach, <i>Pompey the Great</i>, p. 176.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tyrrell (31)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sextus Julius Frontinius: Stratagems Book II</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="Bellum_Africum" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellum Africum">Bellum Africum</a></i> Book 41</span>

</li>

</li>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFtimski" class="citation web cs1">timski. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gamefaqs.gamespot.com/pc/520537-praetorians/faqs/25243">"Praetorians – Guide and Walkthrough"</a>. <i>gamefaqs.gamespot.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<ul><li><i>Caesar's Bellum Africum</i></li>

<li><i>Caesar's Bellum Civile</i></li>

<li><i>Caesar's Bellum Gallicum</i></li>

<li><i>Cassius Dio's Roman History</i></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Labienus"><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Labienus">"Labienus" </a></span>. <i><a href="Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 6.</cite></li>

<li><i>Cicero, Epistulae ad Familiares</i></li>

<li>Sextus Julius Frontinus</li>

<li>Tyrrell, William B. <i>Military and Political Career of T. Labienus</i> (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington, 1970).</li></ul>

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